Abstract:

Insulin is secreted by pancreatic β cells, and is the key active molecule in the body to regulate metabolism. Insulin biosynthesis is regulated at the transcriptional and translational levels. The cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors included paired box 6 (PAX6), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA), and B-2 / neural differentiation factor 1, and they involve in insulin biosynthesis. Insulin secretion involves the formation, transport, and fusion of insulin secretory vesicles. Insulin is not only controlled by blood sugar, but also affected by free fatty acid and amino acid. In addition, different hormones can also affect insulin secretion, such as melatonin, estrogen, leptin, growth hormone, and glucagon-like peptide-1. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of insulin synthesis and secretion, in order to understand the pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus.

Key words:

Diabetes mellitus, Pancreatic β-cells, Insulin, Molecular mechanism, Progess

摘要：

胰岛素由胰腺β细胞分泌，是机体调节代谢的关键的活性分子。胰岛素合成受转录水平和翻译水平的调节。顺式作用元件和反式作用因子包括配对盒基因6（paired box 6，PAX6）、胰腺和十二指肠同源框-1（pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1，PDX-1）、V-maf肌腱膜纤维肉瘤癌基因同源物A抗原（V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A，MafA）和B-2/神经分化因子1等，它们参与胰岛素合成过程。胰岛素分泌包括胰岛素分泌囊泡形成、运输和分泌泡融合等过程。胰岛素分泌不但受血糖控制，还受游离脂肪酸和氨基酸的影响。另外，不同的激素亦能影响胰岛素的分泌，如褪黑色素、雌激素、瘦素、生长激素和胰高血糖样肽-1等。本文对胰岛素合成与分泌分子机制研究进展进行综述，以了解胰腺β细胞功能失调以及糖尿病的发生。

关键词:

糖尿病, 胰腺β细胞, 胰岛素, 分子机制, 进展