Abstract:

In recent years, it has been found that natural killer cells (NK), monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mø) and other innate immune cells will make enhanced or weakened immune response when they are exposed to the same or unrelated pathogens or stimuli as the first invasion, showing memory characteristics similar to adaptive immunity. This phenomenon is called trained immunity (TI). TI is not only a subversion of the traditional immune system, but also an important supplement to the immune system of the body. Different from the classical adaptive immune memory, the occurrence of TI is mediated by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage related molecular patterns through pattern recognition receptors (PRRS) acting on the cell surface, which is not specific and has a short duration; it involves metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming mechanisms. Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of TI not only provides a new perspective for the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, immune diseases, and other diseases, but also provides new ideas for disease prevention, drug development, and new vaccine design. This article reviews the discovery, mechanism, and role of TI in diseases.

Key words: Trained immunity, Monocytes/macrophages, Metabolic reprogramming, Epigenetics

摘要： 近年来研究发现，自然杀伤细胞（NK）、单核/巨噬细胞（Mo/Mø）等固有免疫细胞在再次接触与第一次入侵的相同或无关病原体或刺激时会作出增强或减弱的免疫反应，表现出类似于适应性免疫的记忆特征，这一现象称为受训后免疫（TI）。TI的提出既是对传统免疫系统的一种颠覆，也是对机体免疫系统的重要补充。与经典的适应性免疫记忆有所不同，TI的发生是由病原相关分子模式（PAMPs）或损伤相关分子模式通过作用于细胞表面的模式识别受体（PRRs）来介导，其不具有特异性，且持续时间较短；涉及代谢及表观遗传学重编程等机制。阐明TI的调控机制，不仅为感染性疾病、免疫性疾病等疾病的发病机制提供新视角，也能为疾病防治、药物研发和新型疫苗设计、接种提供新思路。本文就TI的发现、作用机制及其在疾病中的作用进行综述。

关键词: 受训后免疫, 单核/巨噬细胞, 代谢重编程, 表观遗传学